胡明亮
造成翻译错误的原因可以归结为三方面。一是对词语本身的
误解,二是对句子结构的误解,三是对语篇中指代成分的误解
(胡明亮2001b)。本文探讨的是结构方面的误解所引起的
误译。结构是指语篇中词语的相互关系,如小句内的修饰关系,
小句之间的因果关系等。本文以贾平凹的小说《浮躁》的英语翻
译为例,探讨母语不是汉语的翻译者在翻译汉语篇章的结构时,
所犯的错误。结构的误解和误译又进一步分为五个方面:一是误
解了某些虚词的意思,二是误解了某些实词的意思,三是误解了
成分的形式,四是没有利用上下文,五是不了解汉语的某些特殊
结构。本文第一节讨论没有逗号分隔的结构。第二节讨论有逗号
分隔的情况。第三节是结论。
一、没有逗号分隔的结构
我们先考虑没有逗号分隔的结构被误解、误译的情况。
1.1 误解了某些虚词的意思。如果原文用了虚词,但其意思
被误解,译文就会错。请看例(1)和(2)。①
(1)金狗情绪上来,英英愈发一脸光彩,她的对面的窗台
上放着一面镜子,就一边和金狗说话,一边在镜子里照着自
己,两眼飘忽不已。(135)
He soon found
himself warming to her, and she was
looking prettier by the minute. As
she talked, she gazed into
the mirror opposite the window,
her eyes darting back
and forth.(144)
(2)限天亮,船到了仙游川,尸首停在村口的高石台上,
赶吃早饭前就又抬至山坡下一个洼地里“浮丘”在一间土
坯砌成的小屋里了。(446)
Dawn was just
breaking when the boat arrived in Stream
of Wandering Spirits. The men placed
the body on a stone
step at the entrance to the village,
then
went home for a
hurried breakfast before returning
to carry the body to a
temporary crypt hollowed out at the
base of the mountain.
(461)
例(1)“对面的窗台上放着一面镜子”翻译成 the mirror
opposite the window(窗子对面的镜子),不对。例(2)是误
解了连接词语“前”的意思,结果把吃早饭跟抬棺这两个事件的
先后顺序弄反了。例(1)和例(2)的错误,一年级汉语班学
生也经常犯。主要原因大概是英语 of (或者法语 de)和 before
的干扰,使翻译者弄错了“的”和“前”前后部分的关系。
如果原文用了更多表示成分关系的词语,也会让人译错。请
看例(3)。
(3)原来这男人比石华大出八岁,且生就的老面,先在州
城农产公司,去西阳县农产公司检查工作时,发现了当年由
省城插队后招工到县上的石华,情书写了四十封,恋成了爱。
(220)
Her husband
was eight years older than she and looked
even older than that. He'd been employed
by the Zhou City
Agricultural Instruments Company and
on an inspection tour
to Xiyang County had met her when
she was looking for a
job after having worked in a production
team in the
provincial capital. After exchanging
forty letters, they decided
they were in love.(228)
例(3)的定语“当年由省城插队后招工到县上的”,结构应该
是(((当年由省城插队后)招工到县上)的)。但是英译文却
是 was looking for a job after having worked in a production
team
in the provincial capital,意思成了“插队后正在省城找工作”。
显然,译者没有考虑“由”、“后”和“到”等词语在句中所起
的标记作用,将该定语的结构误解为((当年由省城(插队后)
招工到县上)的)。可见,根据各种虚词判断句子结构,就是对
程度高的学生来说,也是很困难的事情。
1.2 误解了实词本身的意思。除了上述“的”、“前”、
“由”、“后”等虚词以外,名词、动词等实词本身的误解也会
造成结构的误译。
(4)七老汉就说这是金狗的主意,特意让他转告的,并
嘱咐他多承携福运。小水反复思忖:金狗和田家势不两立,
能这样出主意,这也是一时没办法的主意。去就暂时去吧,
却又担心田中正会不会报私仇拒绝呢?(324)
Old Seven
told Fuyun that it was, in fact, Golden Dog's
idea, and when Water Girl thought
it over, she realized that,
since the differences between Golden
Dog and Tian
Zhongzheng were irreconcilable, the
reporter probably figured
that this was the only possible move.
So, for the moment, she
decided not to oppose it, particularly
since Tian might take a
refusal as a slight that he'd someday
want to avenge.
(332)
例(4)的“报私仇”和“拒绝”的逻辑主语都是田中正。从译
文take a refusal as a slight that he'd someday want to
avenge(把
拒绝看作藐视而报复)看,翻译者以为“报私仇”的宾语是“拒
绝”,而“拒绝”的逻辑主语是福运。如果译成 refuse out
of
personal revenge(出于私仇而拒绝)就比较接近原文。
1.3 忽视了成分本身的结构形式。如果原文成分本身在形式
上的特征被忽略,也会造成误解和误译。
(5)这夜韩文举到了不静岗,金狗却也不在家,他是收清
碾打种毕包谷后又下河去白石寨,几日没有回来了。
(75页)
Han went over
to Restless Hill a few days later, but Golden
Dog wasn't home. He'd taken his boat
to White Rock Stockade
after finishing the threshing and
after cleaning up the
corn husks, and had already been
gone for several days.
(80)
例(5),汉语为母语的读者,会根据两个复合动词“收清”跟
“种毕”的相同结构,想到或者猜测到,在复杂的动词短语“收
清碾打种毕包谷”中,“收清碾打”跟“种毕包谷”是并列关
系。从英译文 after finishing the threshing and after
cleaning up the
corn husks (打完场,清理完玉米壳)看,译者没有弄清这个复
杂结构。②
1.4 不了解汉语的特殊结构。汉语的一些结构比较特殊,会
误导英语翻译者。
(6)画匠说:“怎么打算?今日各自把矛盾说了,说了就
完了,往后什么也不要说,抓紧筹备婚事吧。……”
(243)
"His plans?"
the painter interrupted. "What we have to do
is resolve their problems here and
now. We don't need to talk
about the future, except for the
wedding arrangements...."
(251)
(7)英英说:“我今天早上听田一申在镇上说了,我真不
相信大空就会自杀?刚才从镇上看见这边‘浮丘’人,我真
吓瘫了,紧来慢来就迟了!”(448)
"I heard about
it in town this morning from Tian Yishen. I
never thought of Dakong as someone
who could kill himself. I
ran into the funeral party in town
a while ago, and seeing them
shook me up. It drove home that
whenever I came, it
would be too late to do any good."(463)
在例(6)中,翻译者以为“说”的受事是“往后”,是误译。
例(7),“就”把“紧来慢来”跟“迟了”紧密连接到一起,
意思是“我赶快过来,却已经来晚了”。英译文却成了It drove
home that whenever I came, it would be too late to do
any good
(我认识到,不论我什么时候来,都来得太晚),it drove
home
不知是从哪儿来的?
1.5 不考虑上下文。有时,表示短语关系的虚词本身有歧义,
翻译时需要根据上下文确定意义。不然会译错。请看例(8):
(8)韩文举到了此时,也感到自己不如考察人,也不如了
金狗。他们的谈话他插不进去,便又和七老汉去说粗话,斗
花嘴,又骂着福运把煮熟的狗肉盛在碗里,将酒倒在杯中。
(351)
As for Han
Wenju, he had reconciled himself to not being
in the surveyor's league, or in Golden
Dog's either, for that
matter. Since he had nothing to add
to the conversation, he
went over and exchanged indecent stories
with Old Seven and
gave Fuyun a hard time about
filling the bowls with
dogmeat and the glasses with wine.
(359)
(9)当初让我和一申负责,老实说,我们做了一些工作,
但严格讲,也有不少缺点。比如采购和推销方面的局限,非
生产性的人员过多问题。(113)
At first you
asked Yishen and me to assume the
responsibility and, to be honest,
we didn't do a bad job. But,
in all candor, we have our failings.
We had only limited success
in purchasing and sales, for instance,
and there were too
many problems with the brigade's
nonproductive
members.(122)
例(8),“骂着”是“吆喝着”的意思,如果没有上文,“骂
着福运把煮熟的狗肉盛在碗里,将酒倒在杯中”那句话,是有歧
义的,或者是韩文举一边骂福运,一边盛狗肉倒酒,或者是韩文
举吆喝着或者骂骂咧咧地让福运盛狗肉、倒酒。可是在例(8)
的上下文里,只能是第二个意思,就是韩文举让福运盛狗肉倒酒。
英译者没有考虑上下文,就采用了第一个意思,翻译成 gave
Fuyun a hard time about filling the bowls with dogmeat
and the
glasses with wine(因(福运)盛狗肉、倒酒而责骂福运)。例
(9),被误解的是“非生产性的人员过多问题”。如果没有上
下文,这个短语也可能表示“非生产性人员有过多问题”这个意
思。但是因为前边出现过“比如采购和推销方面的局限”,读者
会自然地将“非生产性的人员过多问题”理解为((非生产性的
人员)过多)问题,“非生产性的人员过多”修饰“问题”。但
是从译文 there were too many problems with the brigade's
nonproductive members看,译者理解为“运输队非生产性人员有
很多问题”,其结构成了(非生产性的人员)(过多问题)。
总之,没有逗号分隔的结构的误解、误译,有以下几方面的
原因:一是误解了某些虚词的意思,因而误解了结构,如“对面
的窗台”(例1),“赶吃早饭前就又抬至……”(例2),
“当年由省城插队后招工到县上的”(例3)。二是误解了实词
本身的意思,如“报私仇拒绝”(例4)。三是忽视了成分本身
的结构,如“收清碾打种毕包谷”(例5)。四是不了解汉语的
特殊结构,如“往后什么也不要说”(例6)和“紧来慢来就迟
了”(例7)。五是不考虑上下文,如“骂着福运”(例8)和
“非生产性的人员过多问题”(例9)。
二、有逗号分隔的结构
一串汉字,中间被逗号分隔开,按理说应该减少误解才对。
其实不然。事实上,有逗号分隔的结构也常被误解和误译(胡明
亮2001a)。原因跟没有逗号的结构类似。
2.1 误解了某些虚词的意思。例(10),翻译者就误解了
表示转折意义的连接词语“只说”。
(10)只说田家势力要尽了,可人家有了权,又发财,河
运队里你知道他分了多少红吗?(249)
The Tian family
say their power is nearly exhausted, but
their authority remains, and meanwhile
they are getting rich. Do
you know how much Tian Zhongzheng's
taken out of the
shipping brigade?..."(258)
(11)这一日,韩文举又发牢骚,说这一切都是天命,该是
皇帝的就是怎样,终了还是坐金銮殿,不该是皇帝的就是打进
金銮殿也坐不了位的,就又唠叨起李自成当年屯兵州河,怎么
攻到北京了,又怎么兵败身亡。(438)
Han went on
and on, blaming fate for their troubles. People
destined to become emperors, he said,
wind up sitting on the
throne, while those who aren't chosen
by destiny can overrun
the palace and still be denied the
throne. He cited the case of the
Ming rebel Li Zicheng, whose army
was stationed on the Zhou
River but who was routed and
killed when he attacked Beijing.
(452)
例(10)的“只说”是“(说话人)原来以为”的意思,可是翻
译者以为是“田家人说”(the Tian family say)。例(11),形
成转折关系的是“攻到北京”跟“兵败身亡”。但是译者却以为转
折在“当年屯兵州河”跟“怎么攻到北京了,又怎么兵败身亡”之
间。译者没有理解“又”的意思。
有时,连接词语的意思理解对了,可是译者却没有弄清连接词
语是连接哪两句的。请看例(12)的“如”和(13)的“为
了”。
(12)大空说:“……金狗,这什么事没有,我去贩贩银元
那又算得什么了?”金狗第一次听得这事,如在渡口上听韩文
举说神说鬼,半信半疑。(92)
..."Golden
Dog, if things like that can go on, what's the big
deal about my dealing in silver coins?"
Golden Dog had never
heard such things before. If he'd
been listening to Han
Wenju telling ghost stories at the ferry
landing, he'd only
have half-believed him.(98)
(13)蔡大安咳嗽了一下,说:“总得有人开头,大家不
说,我说吧。田书记召开这个会,很重要,也很及时,本来应
该让河运队全体同志参加,但今天没来,这也好,为了便于意
见统一,我们作干部的就有责任把会开好。……”(113)
Cai Da'an
cleared his throat. "Since someone has to begin, I
guess it's up to me. This is an important
and timely meeting
Secretary Tian has called. All the
comrades in the brigade should
have been invited, but they're not
here, and that's okay, since
we need to reach a consensus. It's
our responsibility to make
sure the meeting is successful..."(122)
例(12)的“如”是连接“听得这事”跟“在渡口上听韩文举说
神说鬼,半信半疑”的,可是翻译者以为是连接“在渡口听韩文举
说神说鬼”一句跟后边的“半信半疑”的,结果就翻译成 If
he'd
been listening to Han Wenju telling ghost stories at
the ferry landing,
he'd only have half-believed him(如果在渡口上听韩文举说神说鬼,
他也会半心半疑)。而例(13)的“为了”,连接的则是后面的
两句,即“便于意见统一”跟“我们作干部的就有责任把会开好”。
可是,翻译者以为“为了”连接的是前边的“这也好”和“便于意
见统一”,所以翻译成 that's okay, since we need to reach
a
consensus(那也可以,因为我们需要意见统一)。
碰到比较复杂的多重复句或者句群,就更容易译错。请看例
(14)的“但……无论……却”和例(15)的“果然……竟
……使”。
(14)阁楼的窗子皆日夜洞开,有无数的丑美眉眼在州河上
望。河面上虽然有风,但州河的水好,无论丑美,脸子却是十
分之白。(81)
Because the
windows were left open day and night, they
looked like a row of ugly--or beautiful--eyes
staring out over
the Zhou River. Winds swept across
the surface of the Zhou
River, but it was still a good river.
(Whether you call a girl ugly
or beautiful, her face is still fair.)(87)
(15)韩文举声明今日不讲佛禅,说和尚论理不过就满口
“般若”、“菩提”,谁晓得口里念什么鬼经。和尚只是呵呵
直笑,果然心身到了凡尘,竟说出更粗更野的话,使韩文举
也望尘莫及。(337)
Han had made
it clear that he didn't want to hear about
Buddhism today; he said that all the
abbot ever spoke of was
prajna this and bodhi
that, the Buddhist words for "wisdom"
and "knowledge," and that no one could
ever figure out what
the hell he was talking about anyway.
The abbot just chuckled
before expatiating on the coarse,
wild talk of mortals and on
how far Han was lagging behind.(345-346)
例(14),“虽然……但”把“有风”跟“水好”连接起来,
形成转折,译文大致对了。“无论……却”的关系也翻译对了。
但是“州河的水好”跟“无论美丑,脸子却是十分之白”之间的
因果关系却没有译出来。例(15),翻译者除了误译“说出”
的意思之外,也完全误解了“和尚”以后小句之间的关系,特别
是把“使韩文举也望尘莫及”一句误解为前一小句里“说”的宾
语。
2.2 误解了实词本身的意思。请注意例(16)的“是”。
(16)和尚说:“这你就差了,世俗之事才是空的,至于佛、
法、僧、佛性则是‘常、乐、我、净’,是不名为空的。”
(249)
"That's where
you are wrong. It's worldly affairs that are
empty. Buddha, scriptures, monks,
and enlightenment embody
constancy, joy, self, and purity,
and
unnamed emptinesses."
(257)
例(16),“是不名为空的”是一个动词短语,跟上文的动词
短语“是‘常、乐、我、净’”并列,均说明上文提到的“佛、
法、僧、佛性”的。但是英译文 Buddha, scriptures, monks,
and
enlightenment embody constancy, joy, self, and purity,
and
unnamed emptinesses 却把unnamed emptinesses(无名之空)看
作跟“常、乐、我、净”并列的第五个概念。
再看和例(17)和(18)的“使”。
(17)家里那位半老徐娘的嫂子,愈来愈紧地逼他“熟亲”,
而县委田有善的叮咛,也使他把一颗浪荡之心收拢,思考着
近期“熟亲”事宜。(71页)
His sister-in-law,
who was getting older all the time, was
pressing him to get married. Meanwhile,
the head of the county
committee, Tian Youshan,
had told
him to forget about
romance and start thinking about
marrying his sister-
in-law. (76)
(18)金狗如喝醉了酒一样昏沉,年轻人的冲动使他极力
想与小水合二为一但却不能,如今英英的主动却又使他一时
不知所措,手脚拙笨。(136)
Golden Dog
felt intoxicated. His youthful impulses had
filled him with a powerful desire
to be united with Water Girl,
but that was impossible; now Yingying
had taken the initiative,
and in his clumsiness he didn't
know what to do.(144)
例(17)的原文是田有善的叮咛使田中正如何如何,可是译文
却成了“田有善告诉田中正”如何如何。显然,这跟翻译者对
“使”的误解有关。例(18)是说因为英英主动,所以金狗才
“一时不知所措,手脚拙笨”。可是译文 and in his clumsiness
he didn't know what to do 却没有把这一因果关系表达出来,倒
是让人以为是“手脚拙笨”引起了“不知所措”。
2.3 忽视了成分本身的结构形式。请看例(19)。
(19)就说石华吧,我是很满意的,她文化不高,从小也
娇惯了,可她不俗气,在家里一是作风问题,一是钱财问
题,我是绝对放心的。(232)
"Take Shi
Hua, for example," he said. "I'm perfectly satisfied.
Her cultural level may not be very
high, and she's always been
pampered, but she's not a vulgar woman,
and I have no cause to
be concerned about her behavior
at home or regarding family
finances...."(241)
例(19)中,“绝对放心”的对象是什么?按照原文,应该是
“作风问题”和“钱财问题”。但是译者却以为“在家里”只修
饰“作风”,不修饰“钱财”,所以翻译成 I have no cause
to
be concerned about her behavior at home or regarding
family
finances....(对于她在家里的表现,对于家庭财务问题,我没有理
由担心)。如果翻译者考虑到两个相似的“一是”结构,或许就
会认识到“在家里”同时修饰两个“一是”结构。另外,her
behavior at home(在家里的表现),跟“作风问题”也大相径庭。
2.4 不了解汉语的特殊结构。汉语叙述性语篇在很多情况下
不用任何明显的连接词语,在翻译成英语时就需要用英语连接词
语把逻辑关系表示出来的。
(20)英英在家等得久了,靠在炕头上打盹,见金狗进门,
就站起来说:“好大的神仙,总算把你请回来了!”
(239)
Yingying,
who had been waiting a long time, was dozing
beside the kang. She stood up when
she saw Golden Dog enter
and gibed, "It must have taken
a powerful genie to get you
to finally come home!"(247)
例(20)中“好大的神仙”是英英挖苦金狗的话,其所指自然
是“金狗”,而不是去请金狗回来的人。可是英译文却成了“好
大的神仙才能把你请回家”。
更常见的情况是,语篇中的小句之间不使用“因为……所以”、
“就”等连接词语,而是一逗到底。这就更容易引起误解,请看
例(21)。
(21)夫妇俩好生喜欢,想着大空终于成了人物,一夜也
未合眼,带了许多山货吃喝就坐排赶到白石寨。(317)
Delighted
that Dakong had finally become somebody, they
packed some native delicacies and
set out for White Rock
Stockade, not even stopping to
sleep along the way.
(324)
例(21)的“一夜也未合眼”发生在下句“带了山货吃喝就坐
排赶到白石寨”之前。正如戴浩一(1989:206)所说,
汉语小句之间的顺序,反映事件的发生顺序。但是,翻译者以为
“一夜也未合眼”是上了木排之后,所以翻译成 not even
stopping to sleep along the way(在路上没有合眼)。
2.5 不考虑上下文。再看例(22)的“一边……一边”:
(22)更有那卖菜的一边高叫自己菜鲜秤准招揽顾客,
一边菜筐里流出才从河里淋在菜叶上的水污湿了顾客的鞋袜
而赔情道歉。(390)
Vegetable
peddlers proclaimed the freshness of their wares
and the accuracy of their scales in
order to woo customers,
whose shoes and socks were getting
soaked by the filthy water
dripping from the baskets the greengrocers
had carried from
the river, chock full of their produce.(402)
例(22)的译文没有把“一边……一边”的对比关系表现出
来,原文的讽刺意义都没有了。另外,虽然第二个“一边”的后
边没有“因为”、“由于”等表示原因的连接词语,甚至“菜筐
里”的前边也没有“从”,但作为母语为汉语的读者,我们不难
推断出第二个“一边”后的意思是“因为从菜筐里流出才从河里
淋在菜叶上的水污湿了顾客的鞋袜而赔情道歉”。但对于学习汉
语的翻译者来说,就难以做出这样的推断,于是干脆不翻译“赔
情道歉”。
没有连接词语时,就主要靠词语本身的意思和上下文了。我
们看例(23)民谚“人人不当官,当官都一般”的翻译。
(23)福运说:“怕什么?我在仙游川就骂了,‘人人不
当官,当官都一般’,金狗当船工时,他还算个好人,才要
当干部了,就没好人的味了!”(147)
"Who are you
protecting? I've said it all over Stream of
Wandering Spirits: If nobody wants
to become an official,
all the officials will be ordinary people.
When Golden Dog
worked his boat, he was a good man.
But as soon as he set his
heart on being a cadre, things changed."(156)
例(23),“人人不当官,当官都一般”这两个小句是并列关
系,意思是“普通人不当官,谁当了官也是一个样”。③译者却
以为前句是后句的假设条件,理解和翻译成“如果没有人当官,
那么所有的官员都是一般人”。
不论有无逗号分隔,结构方面的误解和误译都有以下五个方
面的原因:一是误解了某些虚词的意思。二是误解了实词本身的
意思。三是忽视了成分本身的结构形式。四是不了解汉语的特殊
结构。五是不考虑上下文。
三、结论
对于翻译的成功与否,对助词和连接词语的理解,跟语义、
指代性词语等的理解同样重要。连接词语的使用,应该有利于理
解和翻译。但是如果翻译者不理解连接词语的意思,还是会误解
误译。
对结构的误解和误译,跟对名词、动词等实词的词义的误解
也有关系。
逗号的使用,不一定总是有利于原文的理解和翻译。有时,
因为用了逗号,反而会干扰翻译者的对原文理解。这是因为汉语
和英语,在使用逗号这一语篇连接方式上有很多不同。这方面还
需要做进一步探讨(胡明亮2001a)。
为了提高学生对汉语原文的理解能力,应该在汉语教学中,
加强语篇的连接方式,如连接词语、词义、指代词语、语序、主
题结构等的讲解和实际练习,以便提高学生理解语篇的意思和结
构的能力。
注释:
1、英文本译者为Howard Goldblatt(1991),中英文例
句后的数字分别表示中文或者英文本的页码。
2、另外,“包谷”译成 corn husks(玉米壳),动词“种”
漏掉,也不对。
3、有关“人人不当官,当官都一般”的解释,请教了美国
哥伦比亚大学刘乐宁教授。
参考资料:
戴浩一(James H-Y Tai)(1989):《Toward
a Cognition-
Based Functional Grammar of Chinese》,戴浩一、薛凤生编
《Functionalism and Chinese Grammar》, 187-226页,中文教
师协会。
胡明亮(1997):《篇章的连接和学生的写作》,载《第五届
世界华语文教学研讨会论文集》(教学运用组下册),239-
243页。
胡明亮(2001a):《逗号,汉语教学的一个难点》,载《语
言研究》编辑部编《国际汉语教学学术研讨会论文集》,189
-192页。
胡明亮(2001b):《从词义、结构和语篇三方面分析汉译英
的错误》,中国对外汉语教学学会第七次学术讨论会,成都,
2001年7月。
贾平凹(1988):《浮躁》,作家出版社。
(2002年4月15日)