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          从词义、结构和语篇三方面分析汉译英的错误

                                胡明亮

     将汉语作品翻译成英语时,难免会有误解和错译的情况。在
这篇文章里,我以汉译英为例,说明造成汉译英错误的原因是对
原文的误解。误解有三个方面,即词义的误解、结构的误解和语
篇的误解。词义的误解,是指译者误解了原文个别词语的意思。
结构的误解,是指译者误解了短语、句子和复句的结构。语篇的
误解,是指译者误解了原文语篇的连贯(或叫接续)手段,如代
词和空位成分在语篇中的所指。①
     一、词义的误解
    1.1 对个别词语意义的误解,会造成误译。对于母语不是汉
语的英语译者来说,这类错误较多。请看例(1-3)的句子②:
     (1)也好,就请许相公明天到舍下小坐。舍下离此处不
        远,向西走有一角红楼的便是。
            Yes, please come to our lodging for a visit. It is not
        far from here -- the red building on the corner to the
        west, over there...."(《白蛇传》20-21页)
     (2)最爱西湖二月天,
             斜风细雨送游船;
             十世来同舟渡,
             百世来共枕眠。
            The West Lake is at its best
            In the second lunar month.
            Gusty winds and drizzle drive
            The gaudy pleasure boat.
            The same craft ferries sightseers
            Year after year,
            The same pillow cradles the heads
            Of visitors down the ages.
            (《白蛇传》14-15页)
     (3)为着顾全亲戚的脸面,陈彪不想去告发;可是为着自
        己的饭碗,又不能不去告发。最后,他想出了一个聪明的
        主意,既可以不伤亲戚情面,又可以保住饭碗。
            At first, to protect his relatives, Chen Biao was
        reluctant to report the matter; but, on the other hand, to
        protect his own job, he knew he had to report it.  Finally,
        he hit on a clever plan. By this plan he hoped to avert
       disgrace falling on his relatives and, at the same time,
        protect his own job.(《白蛇传》46-47页)
例(1)中的数量词“一角”,是说往西走可以看到红楼的一部
分。可是译者却以为是“街角”的红楼,于是就翻译成了the red
building on the corner (街角的红楼)。例(2),译者没有理
解下边诗歌的后两句中“修”所表示的“前世修行积德”的意
思,干脆就略去了“修”,结果把那两句诗翻译错了。例(3)
“顾全亲戚的脸面”是 to save the relatives' face/name,不是 to
protect his relatives(保护他的亲戚)。而后边的“不伤情面”,
是 not to hurt the relatives' feelings and face,除了面子,还有亲
人之间的感情,翻译成 to avert disgrace falling on his relatives,
只对了一半。
     1.1 有些词语,或者因为形式相近(4-6),或者因为陌
生(7),也会被翻译错。
     (4)好在如今已经水落石出,案情总算大白了。
            Thanks to Heaven the truth will soon come to light.
        (《白蛇传》62-63页)
     (5)想不到我们三人今天又能够风雨同舟
            So the three of us have indeed managed to stick
        together through thick and thin!
            (《白蛇传》228-229页)
     (6)知县如何肯饶过他?就要用刑。陈彪急忙上前求情
        道......
            But the magistrate was unmoved. He was just about to
       pass sentence when Chen Biao rushed forward and
        pleaded for leniency:...(《白蛇传》48-49页)
     (7)如果他准许兄弟出来,你再去找一个大生堂药材行的
        老板王永昌,他也认得兄弟,一定可以替兄弟具保
            If he agrees to let your husband out of prison, you
        should go and visit Wang Yongchang, who is the head of a
        large herbal medicine shop. He will be able to give Xu
       Xian employment. (《白蛇传》64-65页)
例(4),因为译者理解错了“总算”的意思,也许因为跟“总
是”相混,所以把“案情总算大白了”理解为未发生的事情,翻
译成 the truth will soon come to light(案情总会真相大白的)。
例(5),“风雨同舟”用字面义,也就是他们三人的确正坐在
同一条船上,当然也有比喻义。而译文只体现了比喻义,没有体
现真实情况。例(6),把“用刑”当作“判刑”,也属于词语
理解的问题。例(7),“具保”是“保释”、“担保”的意
思,不是找工作(to give Xu Xian employment)。
     1.3例(8-10)的错误,都跟否定词有关。
     (8)白素贞看着许仙那种怯懦的样子,于心有些不忍
        ......
            Bai Suzhen glanced at the cowering Xu Xian with
       impatience.
            (《白蛇传》220-221页)
     (9)好个壮阔的长江!比起钱塘、西湖来,别有一番风
        趣
            The Yangtse River is a grand river indeed, but it is not
       a patch on Qiantang River or the West Lake!"
        (《白蛇传》148-149页)
     (10)白素贞这时又想到:许仙既然已经看见她和法海斗
        法的事,自然也就知道她不是凡人,尽管许仙表示不再有
        二心,但总觉得不甚妥当。
            At this point, another thought occurred to Bai Suzhen:
        "Since Xu Xian saw me in the battle against Fa Hai, he
        knows that he will never doubt me again. But I am not
        sure he is the sort of person who can live up to his word."
        (《白蛇传》222-223页)
例(8),把“不忍”译做 impatience (没耐心),也由于误解
了词义。例(9),译者显然把“别有”当作“没有”了。例
(10)的错译是因为译者误解了否定的意思。“自然也就知道
她不是凡人”是说许仙知道白素贞是蛇仙,不是凡人。但是却给
翻译成 he knows that he will never doubt me again,意思是许仙
知道他自己不会怀疑白素贞,让读者莫名其妙。应该译成 he
must know that I am not a mortal。
     1.4词语的多义会造成误解。例(11-13)的三个例子
就反映了这方面的错误。
     (11)她想跟了前去,可又担心丢下许仙,没人照顾。
            She had half a mind to rush off ahead of her, but was
        worried about leaving Xu Xian behind with nobody to take
        care of him. (《白蛇传》110-111页)
     (12)两边石柱上各有一副对联,上联写着“太极原无
        极”,下联写着“先天后天”。
            The two stone pillars holding up the arch bore vertical
        inscriptions reading,  "The Great Ultimate Has No Limit"
        and "The Previous Life Is Followed by the Afterlife."
        (《白蛇传》116-117页)
     (13)老禅师既然知道我的来历,自然也会知道我的为
       人,我和许仙夫妻相敬相爱,并无半点儿败坏风化的行
        为。
            "Reverend sir," she pleaded, "since you know my history,
        you must know that I am now a human being, and that
        Xu Xian and I are husband and wife, respecting and loving
        each other. I have never spread even one jot of anything
        that might be called 'evil influence.'..."
        (《白蛇传》182-183页)
例(11),“前去”就是“上去”、“去”,不是非得走在别
人的“前”边(ahead of her)。例(12),“即”有“接着”、
“接触”的意思。但在对联“先天即后天”里,是“是”的意思。
例(13),猛一看“为人”,有“为”有“人”,似乎是“是
人”的意思,结果让译者中了圈套,不知道“为人”的意思是
“行为”、“处事”的意思。
     二、结构的误解
     跟词义的误解比起来,对结构的误解要少一些。我曾用例
(14),批评John Byron和Robert Pack(1992:37页)误解了
“南树德堂”这个地名的结构,把它翻译成例(14b)Virtuous
Hall of Southern Tree,成了“南边大树的道德之堂”。其实,更
可能的翻译是例(14c)Southern Hall of Virtue Cultivation,就
是“培育道德的南堂”。
     (14)a. 南树德堂
               b. Virtuous Hall of Southern Tree
               c. Southern Hall of Virtue Cultivation
     类似的对结构的误解,也出现在《白蛇传》的英译本里。请
看例(15-17)。
     (15)虽然有些修道之士,却都是隐居古刹,老死不相往
        来的。
            There are some hermits and moldering old temples,
        but they exist in complete isolation from one another.
        (《白蛇传》2-3页)
     (16)这种无情无义的人,一辈子不见他也好
            Such a thoughtless and inconsiderate person will never
       make a success of himself as long as he lives!
        (《白蛇传》214-215页)
     (17)官人还记得在杭州时,我们也曾谈过创立基业的事,
        后来不料银子闯了祸,没有做到。
            "My dear," she said, "I remember when we were in
        Hangzhou we once discussed our future considering we
       had no money to set ourselves up with...."
        (《白蛇传》66-67页)
例(15),“隐居古刹”本来是“修道之士”的行为,但是英
译者却把该短语理解为一个名词短语,翻译成 moldering old
temples(破旧古刹)。下句的“老死不相往来”也是说隐士的,
但是译文 they 的所指既包括隐士,也包括古刹。例(16)的
“也好”是说整个动词短语“一辈子不见他”的,而译者却把
“一辈子”误解为“不见他也好”的状语,也是对结构的误解。
例(17),“我们也曾谈过创立基业的事”跟“后来不料银子
闯了祸,没有做到”是并列关系。但是译者却将后一部分作为前
一部分的状语,也是把结构搞错了。
     三、语篇的误解
     3.1 指代成分,如代词和空位成分等,在语篇中起承前启
后,将语篇个部分联系在一起的作用。对这类成分的所指的误
解,必定会导致错误的翻译,影响译文的连贯性。我们先看含有
代词“这”的例子。
    (18)州志上记载:州河源于秦岭南坡羊家沟,一棵枯树
        下冒了一个泉眼,指头般粗细。但正因为流动是河的出路
        和前,这股水并没有干涸,一路汇聚而下,竟经过陕、
        豫、鄂三省,于湖北均县入汉江时已浩浩淼淼,不可一
        世。(贾平凹《浮躁》,15页)
            The Zhou Prefecture almanac records that the source of
        the Zhou River is in Yang Family Channel, on the
        southern slope of the Qin Range, where there's a spring
        the size of a finger beneath a desiccated tree. Flowing into
        a riverbed that stretches far, the well has not dried up. Its
        output travels downward and picks up water along the way,
        through Shaanxi, Henan, and Hubei. At Hubei's Jun
        County it merges with the Han River to become a proud
        and mighty river.(Goldblatt 译本,16页)
例(18)汉语原文,“这股水没有干涸”是说河水,不是说
“泉眼”。英语译者却译成 the well,就错了。
     3.2 汉语小句的某些名词短语,因为上文已经提过,或者
读者可以从更大的语境推断出来,就不必在后边的句子出现。本
文将这种省略的部分称为“空位成分”。汉译英的错误,除了误
解词义以外,最多的就是对空位成分的所指的误解。我们先看例
(19)。
     (19)许仙也回过头来向小青天真地做了个鬼脸
            The young man turned just in time to see her make a
        hideous face at him.(《白蛇传》84-85页)
例(19),连动式“回过头来向小青天真的做了个鬼脸”,由
“回过头来”跟“向小青天真地做了个鬼脸”组成,都是“许仙”
的谓语。但译文却把第二个动词短语理解为“小青做了个鬼脸”,
所以造成错译。
     3.3 涉及到跨越小句、句子或者复句的省略时,这类错误
更多。例(29-32)的四个例子就可反映这方面的情况。
     (20)“老禅师息怒!想你身为得道高僧,原该慈悲为怀,
        如今许仙出家不要紧,害得我们家破人散,岂不是丧尽天
       良?还望你本菩萨之心,放出许仙,大恩大德,永世不
        忘!”白素贞依然委婉地苦苦央告。
            "Reverend sir," she pleaded, "please calm yourself, and
        remember that you are a high-ranking clergyman. You are
        supposed to have mercy on sinners. The problem is not that
        Xu Xian wishes to become a monk but that our family is
        broke up. That means that he is utterly without
       conscience, does it not? Please look into your Buddhist
        heart and release Xu Xian. Such an act of magnanimity
        would never be forgotten."
        (《白蛇传》184-185页)
     (21)小青向那青年笑着说道:“相公请进舱内坐吧,外
        面风大,要受凉的。”船夫也说:“客人快请到舱内坐,
        船小风大,须要仔细些才是。”
            Whereupon, the latter turned with a smile to the young
        man: "Sir, please join us in the cabin before you catch cold
        in this fierce wind." And the boatman chimed in: "Yes sir,
        please go inside. With a small boat like this I have to
       pole carefully in such a squall."
        (《白蛇传》14-15页)
     (22)那些水族们一个个执枪挥戈,雄赳赳,气昂昂,看
        上去实在不能不令人惊骇
            Each of the watery warriors carried a spear or a pike.
        They also looked fierce and robust; it would be no easy
       job to frighten them. (《白蛇传》196-197页)
     (23)梦蛟仿佛懂事似地哇地一声哭了起来,许氏、许仙
        和小青也都禁不住放声嚎啕
            The baby, as if it really knew what was happening,
        started to wail -- even the combined efforts of Xu Xian,
        his sister and Greenie failed to stop the heart-rending
       howls.(《白蛇传》248-249页)
例(20)的“丧尽天良”的是法海,不是许仙。但由于“许仙
出家不要紧”的影响,译者以为是说许仙丧尽天良,把主语搞错
了。例(21)的“须要仔细些才是”是说“相公”的,不是说
梢公自己。可是英语译者却以为应该“仔细些”的是说话人梢公
自己。同理,例(22),“不能不令人惊骇”的是帮助白娘子
的水族,可是英语译文却成了it would be no easy job to frighten
them(水族不容易被吓倒)。例(23),第二小句“禁不住放
声嚎啕”的是许氏、许仙和小青。可是英语译者却以为是他们三
人无法平息孩子梦蛟的痛哭。
     3.4 有些情况比较复杂,必须联系结构、语境等因素,才
能正确判断空位成分的所指。只举一例。
     (24)在麻子铁匠铺喝酒,少不得被酒鬼麻子灌醉。同伙
        醉了,小水留一留说说便罢,金狗醉了却死留。金狗夜里
        就不回船上。(贾平凹《浮躁》,46页)
            No one who drank in Pockface's blacksmith shop ever
        left sober. After the young men were drunk, Water Girl
        would politely offer to let them stay over, but they always
        left. Golden Dog, on the other hand, refused to leave no
       matter how drunk he was, and didn't return to his boat.
        (Goldblatt 译本, 50页)
例(24),看原文,谁“死留”谁呢?不是金狗自己“死留”,
而是小水“死留”金狗。但是英语译者却以为是金狗自己要留,
故翻译成 refused to leave no matter how drunk he was (不论多
醉,死也不走),这样就把小水的情意全抹杀了。可见,汉语空
位成分的理解和翻译,就是对汉语功底很深的人来说,都是难题。
     四、结语
     《白蛇传》和《浮躁》的英语翻译者,都以英语为母语。如
果不参考汉语原文,也不细究英语译文,两位的译文在用词和语
法上都很通顺,是地道的英语。本文提到的错误,只有参照汉语
原文才能发现。而这些错误,大都是翻译者对原文的误解造成的。
其中,对汉语词义的误解较多,对汉语语篇中空位成分所指的误
解也很多,对句法结构方面的误解相对少一些。
     从本文讨论的汉译英实例可以看出,即使学习过很长时间汉
语,而且在学术上有所造诣的外国人,也免不了有误解的情况。
因此,本文也从翻译这个方面说明,对于学习汉语的人来说,提
高汉语口语和书面语的理解能力,是一项长期而艰苦的过程。希
望本文对从事对外汉语教学的同行,有一些参考价值。

注释:
    ①本文在中国对外汉语教学学会第七次学术讨论会宣读时,得
到武汉大学易洪川教授和北京语言文化大学张普教授等同行的指
教,在此一并致谢。
    ②本文译例主要选自赵清阁原著、Paul White翻译的英汉对照
本《白蛇传》,个别选自美国学者 Howard Goldblatt 翻译的《浮
躁》英译本《Turbulence》。

参考资料:
     Byron, John、Robert Pack, 1992,《The Claws of
the Dragon》, Simon & Schuster。
     Goldblatt,Howard,1991,《Turbulence》,
Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University
Press。
     胡明亮,2001,《小说〈白蛇传〉的英译错误分析》。
     胡明亮,2001,《利用语境减少翻译错误》,普林斯顿
中文教学研讨会论文。
     贾平凹,1987,《浮躁》,作家出版社。
     赵清阁,1998,《白蛇传》,Paul White译,北京新世
界出版社。

(原文曾于2001年7月在中国对外汉语教学学会第七次学术
讨论会宣读,有部分改动)

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