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                 Robert de Beaugrande¡¢ºúÃ÷ÁÁ

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        b. ?A cat was chased by the dog. (һֻè±»¹·×·Öð¡£)
     (4) a. These dogs often chase a cat. (ÕâЩ¹·³£×·Öðһֻè¡£)
        b. ??A cat is often chased by these dogs.
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     (6) a. Ëû°ÑÒ»¸ö´°»§´òÆÆÁË¡£(He broke a window.)
         b. Ëû´òÆÆÁËÄǸö´°»§¡£(He broke that window.)
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               T     C
     (7.2) a. /The robbery/ took place at /7:15 last night/.
          b. <Three men in leather jackets> went directly to /the
        entrance of the Sanyue Department Store at Jinliyuan
        Shandao at Qichao Road, Tongluowan/,
          c. ¡ª¡ª immediately masked /themselves/ with <silk
        stockings>.
          d. <One of the robbers> holding <a gun> waited outside
        /the glass door/;
          e. /the other two/ holding <guns> rushed to
        /the jewelry department near the entrance/,
          f. ¡ª¡ª threatened with /the guns/ <eight or nine male
        and female employees>.
     2.7 Àý(7.1)Õû¶ÎµÄÖ÷ÌâÊÇÉÏÎÄÒýÈëµÄÇÀ½Ù°¸£¬¡°°¸¡±´¦ÓÚµÚÒ»
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     2.9 ´Ó(7.2)¿É¿´³ö£¬Ó¢ÓﶨָÐÔÖ÷Ҫͨ¹ý¹Ú´Ê±íʾ¡£Ó¢ÓïÒëÎÄ
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     3.1 ÎÒÃÇÉÏÃæ̸Á˺ºÓ¢Á½ÖÖÓïÑÔÔÚ±íʾ»°Ó﹦ÄÜ·½ÃæµÄ²»Í¬£º
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     3.2 ÎÒÃÇÇëѧϰººÓïÈýÄ꼶¿Î³ÌµÄÃÀ¹ú´óѧÉú½«Àý(8.1)µÄÒ»¶Î
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     (8.1) a. /Miss Xie/ is <a graduate student from China>.
          b. Now /she/ is studying /American literature/ in /the
        Department of English/.
          c. /she/ likes /American literature/ very much and
          d. reads <a lot> about /the subject/.
          e. /She is known by <some professors and students> of
        /the University
          f. and is sometimes invited to <a dinner>.
     (8.2) a. /лС½ã/ÊÇ<´ÓÖйúÀ´µÄÑо¿Éú>¡£
          b. /Ëý/ÏÖÔÚ/Ó¢ÎÄϵ/Àïѧ/ÃÀ¹úÎÄѧ/¡£
          c. /Ëý/Ò²ºÜϲ»¶/ÃÀ¹úÎÄѧ/¡£
          d. ¡ª¡ª Ò²¶Á¹ý<ºÜ¶à¿Î±¾¹ØÓÚÕâÒ»¿Î>¡£
          e. ÔÚ/´óѧ/Àï<ÓÐЩ½ÌÊÚ¸úѧÉú>ÈÏʶ/Ëý/¡£
          f. ¡ª¡ª <ÓÐʱºò>±»ÇëÈ¥³Ô<·¹>¡£
     3.3 Àý(8.2a)£¬×¨ÓÃÃû´Ê¶ÌÓлС½ã¡±ÊǶ¨Ö¸£¬Ò²ÊÇÖ÷Ìâ¡£
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Ö÷Ìâ¸ÄΪ¡°ÔÚ´óѧÀ¡£µ½Àý(8.2f)£¬¾äÖ÷ÌâÓÖ»¹Ô­Îª¡°Ð»Ð¡½ã¡±
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(8.2f)ÓÖÓÉ¡°±»¡±×Ö¾ä±äΪ¡°Ð»Ð¡½ã¡±¡£
     3.4 ¶øÁíһλѧÉú¶Ôͬһ¶ÎÓ¢ÓïµÄ·­ÒëÀý(9)£¬Ôò½ÏºÃµØ±£³Ö
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     (9) a. /лС½ã/ÊÇ<һλ´ÓÖйúÀ´µÄÑо¿Éú>¡£
         b. /Ëý/ÏÖÔÚÔÚ/Ó¢Óïϵ/ѧ/ÃÀ¹úÎÄѧ/¡£
         c. /Ëý/ºÜϲ»¶/ÃÀ¹úÎÄѧ/¡£
         d. ¡ª¡ª ¿´ÁË<ºÜ¶àÕâ¸öרÌâµÄÊé>¡£
         e. <ÓеĴóѧÉúºÍ½ÌÊÚ>ÈÏʶ/Ëý/¡£
         f. ¡ª¡ª <ÓеÄʱºò>ÇëËý³Ô<·¹>¡£
Àý(9a-d)ÕâÇ°Ëľ䶼ÒÔ¡°Ð»Ð¡½ã¡±Îª¾äÖ÷Ì⣬Õâ¸öÃû´Ê¶ÌÓïÒ²¶¼ÊÇ
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ºó¡£Àý(9f)µÄ¾äÖ÷ÌâÈÔÈ»ÊÇ¡°ÓеĴóѧÉúºÍ½ÌÊÚ¡±£¬µ«±»Ê¡ÂÔ¡£Àý
(9)±ÈÀý(8.2)µÄÓÅʤ֮´¦¾ÍÊǾäÖ÷ÌâÖ»±äÁËÒ»´Î¡£
     3.5 ¿ÉÒÔÏë¼û£¬ººÓïºÍÓ¢Óï¶Ô²»Í¬»°ÓïÌØÕ÷µÄÇ¿µ÷£¬Ò²»á¸ÉÈÅ
ĸÓïΪººÓïµÄÈ˵ĺºÒëÓ¢¹ý³Ì¡£Àý(10.1)ÊǺºÓïÔ­ÎÄ£¬Àý(10.2)ÊÇÓÉ
ĸÓïΪººÓïÕßµÄÓ¢ÓïÒëÎÄ¡£Àý(10.3)ÊÇÎÒÃǵÄÒëÎÄ¡£
     (10.1) a. /ÐÂÖйú/³ÉÁ¢ÒÔºó£¬/µ³ºÍ¹ú¼Ò/Ê®·ÖÖØÊÓ/½ÌÓýÊÂ
        Òµ/¡£
            b. ¾¡¹ÜÔÚ/Ê®Äê¡°ÎÄ»¯´ó¸ïÃü¡±/ÖУ¬/ɽÎ÷/ºÍ/È«¹ú/
        Ò»Ñù£¬/½ÌÓýÊÂÒµ/Êܵ½<ÑÏÖØÆÆ»µ>£¬
            c. µ«ÔÚ·ÛËé/ËÄÈË°ï/ÒÔºó£¬ÔÚ/µ³ºÍÕþ¸®µÄ¹Ø»³/Ï£¬
        /½ÌÓýÊÂÒµ/ºÜ¿ì×ßÉÏ<Õý¹ì>£¬
            d. ¾­¹ý/½üÊ®ÄêµÄ·¢Õ¹/£¬/ɽÎ÷µÄ¸ßµÈ½ÌÓýÊÂÒµ/³ÊÏÖ
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     (10.2) a. Since /the founding of the New China/, /the Party
        and the state/ have devoted <great attention> to /the
        development of education/.
            b. Although /education in Shanxi/ suffered from
        <serious sabotage> during /the ten-year upheaval of the
        cultural revolution/ (1966-1976), as did /the whole
        country/,
            c. /the educational projects/ were soon put back on
        /the right course of development/ after /the crushing of
        the Gang of Four/, thanks to /the concern of the Party
        and the state/.
            d. Following /the development of nearly ten years/,
        /higher education in Shanxi/ presents <a picture of
        vigorous and prosperous development>.
     (10.3) a. Since /the founding of New China/, /the Party and
        state/ have paid <great attention> to /the development of
        education/.
            b. Like <other places in China>, /Shanxi/ suffered
        from /the serious sabotage of the ten-year upheaval of the
        cultural revolution/ (1966-1976) in <education>.
            c. After /the smashing of the 'Gang of Four'/,
        <educational undertakings> were soon put on /the right
        path of development/ under /the concern of the Party and
        state/.
            d. Through <ten years' recovery and hard work>
        /higher education in Shanxi/ is now presenting <a picture
        of vigorous and prosperous development>.
     3.6 Àý(10.2)µÄÓ¢ÓïÒëÎıȽϺõر£³ÖÁËÀý(10.1)ººÓïÔ­ÎÄËù±í
ʾµÄ¶¨Ö¸ÐÔ¡£È磬Àý(10.1a)µÄ¶¨Ö¸Ãû´Ê¶ÌÓï¡°ÐÂÖйú¡±£¬Àý(10.1b)
µÄ¶¨Ö¸Ãû´Ê¶ÌÓï¡°È«¹ú¡±£¬Àý(10.1c)µÄ¶¨Ö¸Ãû´Ê¶ÌÓï¡°½ÌÓýÊÂ
Òµ£¬(10.1d)µÄ¶¨Ö¸Ãû´Ê¶ÌÓï ¡°½üÊ®ÄêµÄ·¢Õ¹¡±£¬ÔÚÀý(10.2)Öж¼±»
·­Òë³É´ø¶¨¹Ú´ÊtheµÄÃû´Ê¶ÌÓ¼´Àý(10.2a)the New China£¬Àý
(10.2b)the whole country£¬Àý(10.2c)the educational projects£¬Àý
(10.2d) the development of nearly ten years¡£ÔÚ¶àÊýÇé¿öÏ£¬ººÓï
Ô­ÎİѶ¨Ö¸¶ÌÓï·ÅÔÚÇ°£¬°Ñ²»¶¨Ö¸¶ÌÓï·ÅÔÚºó¡£ÈçÀý(10.1b)£¬Ëù
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     3.7 µ«ÊÇÀý(10.3)µÄÓ¢ÓïÒëÎÄ£¬ ³ýÁËÀý(10.3a)ÒÔÍ⣬ÆäËû¾ä¶¼
ûÓÐÏñÀý(10.2)ÄÇÑù½ÏΪÖÒʵµØ±íʾԭÎĵĶ¨Ö¸ÐÔ¡£Àý(10.1b)¶¨Ö¸
µÄ¡°È«¹ú¡±ÔÚÀý(10.3b)ÒëΪ²»¶¨Ö¸µÄother places in China£¬¶øÀý
(10.1b)²»¶¨µÄ¡°ÑÏÖØÆÆ»µ¡±È´Òë³Éthe serious sabotage¡£Àý(10.1c)¶¨
Ö¸µÄ¡°½ÌÓýÊÂÒµ¡±ÔÚÀý(10.3c)ÒëΪ²»¶¨µÄeducational undertakings¡£
Àý(10.1d)¶¨Ö¸µÄ¡°½üÊ®ÄêµÄ·¢Õ¹¡±ÔÚÀý(10.3d)ÒëΪ²»¶¨µÄten
years' recovery¡£
     3.8 ͬʱ£¬Àý(10.3)Ó¢ÓïÒëÎÄÓб£ÁôÁËÀý(10.1)ººÓïÔ­ÎĵÄËùÓÐ
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     ¢ÙÓ¢ÎÄÔ­ÎĵÚ1½ÚÖ÷ÒªÓÉRobert de Beaugrande׫д£¬µÚ2-4½Ú
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     Beaugrande, Robert de(1978): ¡¶Factors in a Theory of Poetic
Translating¡·£¬°¢Ä·Ë¹Ìص¤¡£
     Beaugrande, Robert de(1980): ¡¶Text, Discourse, and Process:
Toward a Multi-disciplinary Science of Texts¡·, ÐÂÔóÎ÷£¬ÅµÎéµÂ¡£
     Beaugrande, Robert de(1984): ¡¶Text Production¡·£¬ÐÂÔóÎ÷£¬
ŵÎéµÂ¡£
     Beaugrande, Robert de(1987a): ¡¶Translation as Text Processing¡·£¬
AILA ¹ú¼Ê·­ÒëѧÑÐÌֻᣬµÂ¹úÏ£¶ûµÂ˹º£Ä·¡£ÔØALSED-LSPͨ
Ѷ£¬10/1(24), 2-22¡£
     Beaugrande, Robert de(1987b): ¡¶Determinacy Distribution in
Complex Systems: Science, Language, Linguistics, Life¡·, ÔØ
¡¶Zeitschrift fur Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und
Kommunikationsforschung¡·£¬40/1987, 145-188¡£
     Beaugrande, Robert de(1987c): ¡¶Semantics and Text
Meaning Retrospects and Prospects¡·, ÔØ¡¶Journal of Semantics¡·£¬
5£¬89-121¡£
     Catford, J. (1965): ¡¶A Linguistic Theory of Translation¡·, Â×
¶Ø¡£
     Chu, Chauncey C. (Çü³Ðìä)(1983):¡¶A Reference Grammar of
Mandarin Chinese for English Speakers¡·, ŦԼ¡£
     Graustein, G.¡¢W. Thiele(1987):¡¶Properties of English Texts¡·£¬
µÂ¹úÀ³±ÈÎý¡£
     Hu, Mingliang(ºúÃ÷ÁÁ)(1987):¡¶Definiteness and Word Order
in Mandarin Chinese¡·£¬·ðÂÞÀï´ï´óѧ¿Î³ÌÂÛÎÄ¡£
     Li, Charles(ÀîÚ«)¡¢Sandra Thompson(ÌÀɺµÏ)(1974): ¡¶The
Semantic Function of Word Order: A Case Study in Mandarin
Chinese¡·£¬ÔØCharles Li±à¡¶Word Order and Word Order
Change¡·, ÃÀ¹ú°Â˹͡, 163-195Ò³¡£
     Neubert, A(1985): ¡¶Text and Translation¡·, ÔØ¡¶Ubersetzung£­
wissenschaftliche Beitrage¡·£¬µÚ8¾í, µÂ¹úÀ³±ÈÎý¡£
     Neubert, A(1987a):¡¶Textbezogene Aquivalenz¡·, ÔØR. Arntz
±à¡¶Textlinguistik und Fachsprachen£ºMaterialien des
Internationalen ubersetzungswissen-schaftlichen AILA-Symposiums¡·£¬
µÂ¹úÏ£¶ûµÂ˹º£Ä·, 13-16 April 1987¡£
     Ransom, E. N.(1977):¡¶Definiteness, Animacy, and NP
Ordering¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the
Berkeley Linguistic Society¡·£¬418-429Ò³¡£
     Sun, Chaofen(Ëﳯ·Ü)(1986): ¡¶The Discourse Function of the
Numeral Classifiers in Mandarin Chinese¡·£¬µÚ19½ì¹ú¼Êºº²ØÓïÑÔ
¼°ÓïÑÔѧÑÐÌÖ»áÂÛÎÄ¡£

(Ó¢ÎÄÔ­ÔØHeide Schmidt(1989)±à¡¶Interferenz in der Translation¡·,
ººÒëÎĵÚ2-4½ÚÓиö±ð¸Ä¶¯)

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